The dry form accounts for about 85–90% of all AMD cases. It occurs when the macular tissue gradually thins with age and small deposits called drusen—tiny yellowish protein and lipid clusters—accumulate under the retina. Over time, these deposits disrupt the retinal cells’ ability to function properly, leading to slow and progressive vision loss.
Dry AMD develops in three stages:
-
Early: Small or medium-sized drusen are present but usually cause no noticeable vision loss.
-
Intermediate: Drusen become larger, and pigment changes appear in the retina. Vision may begin to blur or dim, especially in low light.
-
Advanced: The light-sensitive cells in the macula break down, causing blind spots and noticeable central vision loss.
There is currently no cure for dry AMD, but early detection and lifestyle changes can slow its progression.
The wet form of AMD is less common but more severe. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak blood or fluid into the macula. This leakage causes rapid damage to retinal tissue, leading to sudden or severe central vision loss.
Wet AMD often develops from the dry form, though not all dry AMD cases progress. Without treatment, wet AMD can cause irreversible scarring in the macula.
Fortunately, treatments such as anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) injections have revolutionized care—helping to stop abnormal vessel growth and stabilize or even improve vision in many patients.
